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CHAPTER 11 SeparationColumns (Distillation, AbsorptionandExtraction) 11.1. INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the design of separating columns. Though the emphasis is on distillation processes, the basic construction features, and many of the design methods, also apply to other multistage processes; such as stripping, absorption and extraction. Distillation is probably the most widely used separation process in the chemical and allied industries; its applications ranging from the rectification of alcohol, which has been practised since antiquity, to the fractionation of crude oil. Only a brief review of the fundamental principles that underlie the design procedures will be given; a fuller discussion can be found in Volume 2, and in other text books; King (1980), Hengstebeck (1976), Kister (1992). A good understanding of methods used for correlating vapour-liquid equilibrium data is essential to the understanding of distillation and other equilibrium-staged processes; this subject was covered in Chapter 8. In recent years, most of the work done to develop reliable design methods for distillation equipment has been carried out by a commercial organisation, Fractionation Research Inc., an organisation set up with the resources to carry out experimental work on fullsize columns. Since their work is of a proprietary nature, it is not published in the open literature and it has not been possible to refer to their methods in this book. Fractionation Research’s design manuals will, however, be available to design engineers whose companies are subscribing members of the organisation. Distillation column design The design of a distillation column can be divided into the following steps: 1. Specify the degree of separation required: set product specifications. 2. Select the operating conditions: batch or continuous; operating pressure. 3. Select the type of contacting device: plates or packing. 4. Determine the stage and reflux requirements: the number of equilibrium stages. 5. Size the column: diameter, number of real stages. 6. Design the column internals: plates, distributors, packing supports. 7. Mechanical design: vessel and internal fittings. The principal step will be to determine the stage and reflux requirements. This is a relatively simple procedure when the feed is a binary mixture, but a complex 493

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INSTRUCTIONS: This bulletin is an update and revision of previous REA Bulletin 65-1, “Design Guide for Rural Substations” (revised June 1978). (3) Raceway callouts (4) Cable tray (if required): (a) Tray key: [1] Key [2] Description [3] Size (5) Building cable trench (if required) (6) Raceway number (7) Raceway size (8). Rola brand, Tray Fit Kit Universal to suit Rola Universal Bars, Thule Aero Bars and Rhino Sportz Bars with minimal or no curve. Rola’s Tailored Fit Heavy Duty roof racks are designed to carry extra heavy loads and provide the strongest, most sturdy fit for your carrying needs. Interior size of tray is: 1500mm x 1220mm.

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