Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software (STATISTICA 10—StatSoft, Tulsa, OK) and Table Curve 2D (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA), as previously described (4, 6).

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1 Linux DVB API Version 4 Michael Hunold

2 DVB and Digital TV History About LinuxTV.org Contents Linux DVB API v3 status and problems Linux DVB API v4 design and structure Concepts Current status and todo Helping the project

3 What is DVB? Digital Video Broadcast delivery of any digitized informations to the home video, audio, subtitles service informations, program guide multimedia applications,... managed by Digital Video Broadcasting Project industry-led consortium of broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, regulatory bodies and others based on MPEG2 transport streams different means of transportation DVB-C cable DVB-S satellite DVB-T terrestrial

4 Data flow Broadcaster End-user MPEG2 transport stream (TS) data packets with 188 bytes

5 Related technologies IP-over-DVB ( SkyDSL, Internet via satellite) MPE (Multi Protocol Encapsulation, ETSI standard) ULE (Ultra Light Encapsulation, IETF draft) DVB-over-IP MPEG2 TS distributed via Ethernet RTP streaming DVB-IPI (ETSI TR ) general datacasting SSU (System Software Update) proprietary protocols DVD playback (MPEG2-PS and MPEG1)

6 History 1998 Technotrend GmbH develops popular DVB PCI card 1999 Siemens produces cards based on Technotrend GmbH design first Linux driver as diploma thesis,ad hoc API based on Video4Linux 2000 Nokia develops DVB API for Convergence GmbH implements Nokia DVB API for Siemens card community project LinuxTV.org is launched 2001 ongoing development results in Linux DVB API v

7 History 2002 Linux DVB API v3 is included in Linux kernel Convergence and Toshiba start development of Linux DVB v4 API public discussion of API features on the linux-dvb mailing list 2004 Linux DVB v4 API is nearly fully specified generic core modules and sample driver for Siemens card available 2005 first real-world implementation on Toshiba TC90400 MPEG2 decoder chipset ( Donau )

8 What is LinuxTV.org? started and hosted by Convergence GmbH until mid 2004 community project by DVB enthusiasts and developers interested in Digital TV open, independent, non-profit hosts other projects related to Digital TV MPEG2 TS/PS multiplexer DSM-CC / MHP object carousel generator

9 LinuxTV.org goals specify complete API for set-top-box (STB) Integrated Digital TV (IDTV) standardize support for peripheral hardware as little as possible proprietary APIs and private extensions promote existing APIs where possible Linux Input Layer for ir and frontpanel DirectFB for scaler, video encoder, video layer mixer create new APIs where necessary analog tv integration avmux smartcard interface video encoder and vbi DVD and subtitle processing unit (SPU) support

10 Linux DVB no complete multimedia framework graphics output and video scalers are handled by DirectFB analog uncompressed video is currently not supported no handling of arbitrary multimedia data no support for auxiliary hardware in core API avmux smartcard interface means to control digital tv hardware easily and efficiently support for PCI/USB DVB extension cards support for dedicated set-top-box (STB) chipsets support for integrated digital TV (IDTV) solutions hardware independent driver framework kernel level only

11 Linux DVB Motivation make life of software and hardware developers easier provide a consistent abstraction layer for different hardware Benefits Software companies easier support for different hardware platforms hardware independent applications and middleware Hardware vendors easier software support for existing chipsets smooth transition from one chipset generation to the next new business opportunities by faster time-to-market

12 Linux DVB API v3 users Open-source projects PC vdr (video disk recorder) mplayer and xine kaxtv, mythtv, klear, xawtv 4.0 Embedded Linux platforms on PowerPC-based dbox2 Neutrino, Enigma (german) platform independent dvbstream, dvbsnoop Commercial users Dreambox using IBM Pallas/Vulcan (PowerPC)

13 Present situation PCs and embedded platforms are diverging budget PCI cards on PCs prowide full, raw TS all decoding and processing is done by main CPU Embedded platform STB/IDTV chipsets data is demultiplexed for direct application use specialized hardware or firmware relieves main CPU no new full-featured DVB PCI/USB card is in sight new challenges with supporting embedded platforms running Linux Linux DVB v4 API heads towards highly-integrated embedded STB and IDTV systems

14 Linux DVB API v3 problems focussed on Siemens DVB card namespace inconsistencies inconsistent remains of ad-hoc DVD/SPU support legacy OSD API designed for Siemens DVB card only superfluous internal DVB kernel demux layer very limited support for modern hardware multiple frontends, video and audio decoders explicit source-sink connections not possible no support for special recording hardware and event logging all data transfers through ringbuffers, no zero-copy DMA

15 Linux DVB API v4 design Linux/Posix character device interface /dev/dvb/adapter0/... input: frontend, memory processing: ci, demux decoding: video, audio output: audio mixer, spdif, dvb-net source/sink connection via I/O controls zero copy DMA via mmap() dvb net frontend memory ( HDD ) ci demux demux audio decoder video decoder

16 Implementation structure DVB core implements hardware independent functionality does sanity checks and parameter checking enforces policy restrictions different levels of abstraction demux, frontend (high) video (low) external APIs graphics, scaler and video output handled by DirectFB KERNEL APP HARD WARE HW 1 dependent Firmware Application Middleware DVB core Hardware Direct FB

17 Input devices provide data for stream processing frontend input controls tuner and demodulator hardware supports satellite (DVB-S), cable (DVB-C) and terrestrial (DVB-T) in case of satellite equipment (LNB, dish rotor) control via Eutelsat s DiSEqC protocol memory input zero-copy DMA for HDD playback or network streaming dvb net frontend memory ( HDD ) ci demux demux audio decoder video decoder

18 Processing devices ci (common interface) slot handling for common interface (CI) PCMCIA slot simple transport layer message interface demux (demultiplexer) processes one input stream from frontend or memory input outputs to multiple destinations PID filter (TS packet or payload only), DVB section filter PS and multiplexed PES input with stream id filter recording filter for HDD recording with event logging support decoding feeds for live tv (video, audio, teletext/vbi insertion) dvb net frontend memory ( HDD ) ci demux demux audio decoder video decoder

19 Decoding devices audio ALSA and OSS are not suitable for embedded STBs/IDTVs provides decoding and downmixing provides PCM playback and optional MP3 playback optional postprocessing virtual surround dynamic compression etc. S/P-DIF and I2S inputs frontend memory ( HDD ) ci demux demux dvb net audio decoder video decoder

20 Decoding devices video usually MPEG 1/2 decoder limited presentation support auto-scaling, pan & scan trickmode support for memory input fast forward, (fast) reverse, slowmotion stillpicture and dripfeed support video event handling sequence header changes extract user data like active format description (AFD) video frame header meta data query dvb net frontend memory ( HDD ) ci demux demux audio decoder video decoder

21 Output devices (audio) mixer mix 5.1 and stereo signals to TV, VCR and headphone outputs tone control, speech enhancement, test tone generator,... spdif S/P-DIF header control connectable to various sources net MPE and ULE decapsulation data packets are provided to the Linux network stack frontend memory ( HDD ) ci demux demux dvb net audio decoder video decoder

22 Control concept POSIX device interface open()/close() to access devices with write access once with read only multiple times ioctl() to control device read() to pull stream (section filter only) mmap() for zero-copy DMA access to data get recording data provide playback data fd = open( /dev/dvb/adapter0/video0, O_WRONLY); ioctl(fd, DVB_VIDEO_PLAY, 1000);

23 Connection concept DVB_xxx_SET_SOURCE I/O control connects devices to input sources by passing a file descriptor common for all processing, decoding and output devices only possible on a device open with write permissions src = open( /dev/dvb/.../frontend0, O_RDONLY); dst = open( dev/dvb/.../demux0, O_WRONLY); ioctl (dst, DVB_DEMUX_SET_SOURCE, &src);

24 Capability concept different hardware has different capabilities sometimes even different devices of the same kind have different capabilities applications need to be able to distinguish devices and hardware DVB_xxx_GET_CAPS IOCTL exposes device capabilities vcaps.cap = DVB_VIDEO_CAP_SOURCE_FORMATS; ioctl(fd, DVB_VIDEO_GET_CAPS, &vcaps); if (vcaps.val & DVB_VIDEO_xxx_CAPABLE) { // device supports xxx

25 Filter concept for demux devices opening the demux O_WRONLY offers the demux device itself opening the demux O_RDONLY adds a new filter section filter recording filter PES filter decoding feeds specific I/O controls set filter parameters or change them closing the filedescriptor removes filter struct dvb_demux_section_filter f; flt = open( /dev/dvb/adapter/demux0, O_RDONLY); [... set filter options...] ioctl(flt, DVB_DEMUX_SET_SECTION_FILTER, &f); [... do something...] close(fd);

26 Current Linux DVB API v4 status available via CVS from linuxtv.org ( dvb-kernel-v4 ) supports 2.4 and 2.6 kernels major requested functionality is implemented continuing discussion on Linux DVB mailing list current and future API development remaining implementation details prototype driver for Siemens card PC platform for easy evaluation software emulation to compensate for missing hardware support API specification document is work-in-progress auto generated version with few annotations is available complete software emulation of DVB device is planned overcome Siemens card drawbacks (no multiple tuner support)

27 Linux DVB todo Linux 2.6 kernel integration finish API specification multi client support for section filter data CI routing support for other MPEG2 TS based formats ATSC (USA) ISDB (Japan) CE Linux Forum discuss Linux DVB in technical working group

28 Helping Linux DVB and LinuxTV.org open, vendor independent, non-profit project discussions and proposals are very welcome thrives on the contribution of its participants follows the spirit of Linux development model always open to receive proposals for API enhancements What you can do subscribe to the linux-dvb mailing list engage in discussions and share your opinion do code review and send patches to the mailing list get a CVS account for larger contributions don't wait for others to do your work

29 Thank you Thank you for your attention Any questions? Related Links

30 Abbreviations API = application programming interface CI/CA= common interface, common access CVS = concurrent versioning system DMA = direct memory access DSM-CC = digital storage media command and control DVB = digital video broadcast HDD = hard disk drive IDTV = integrated digital television MHP = multimedia home platform OSD = on-screen display PES = packetized elementary stream PS = program stream SPU = subtitle processing unit S/P-DIF = Sony/Philips digital interface STB = set top box TS = transport stream

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